“Not Offered for the Truth of the Matter Asserted”: Meaning, Limits, and Misuse
In court, neither a party nor one of that party’s witnesses can simply claim to repeat what someone else said and expect the judge to treat it as proof. As…
Why Can’t I Just Submit a Letter as Evidence in Court?
What “Laying Foundation” Actually Means One of the most common frustrations in Utah divorce cases is this: a party has a letter, email, report, or written statement that feels decisive—and…
Navigating the GAL or PGAL Interview: A Survival Guide
In child custody disputes, the judge acts as the final arbiter, but they rarely get to see the daily reality of a child's life. This is where appointing an attorney…
What Utah Law Actually Says About Hearing From Children in Custody Cases
In the prior discussion, I described a common feature of Utah custody and parent-time proceedings: courts routinely make findings about a child’s needs, attachments, and lived experience without hearing directly…
What Counts as “Testimony” When the Court Hears From a Child
In the prior two posts, I described a common feature of Utah custody and parent-time proceedings: courts routinely make findings about a child’s needs, relationships, and lived experience without hearing…
When the System Resists Hearing from the One Person Who Actually Lives the Case
Seth Godin observed that every important medical innovation of the last several centuries—handwashing, antibiotics, acknowledging the dangers of smoking—was initially resisted by the medical establishment. Not because the ideas were…
The Illusion of Protection: Why Utah’s Child Testimony Statute Threatens Due Process and Open Courts
A constitutional critique of Utah Code § 81-9-204(5)(a) Utah, like every state, bears a solemn and compelling responsibility to protect children involved in custody and parent-time disputes. That responsibility is…
The Muzzled Meadow
I. The Founding TraumaIn the Meadow, everyone agreed on one thing: voices were dangerous.It hadn’t always been so. Long ago, animals spoke plainly. Some spoke well, somepoorly, some too much.…
Why This Debate Is So Often Avoided in Utah Child Custody Cases
This post is the fourth in a four-part series examining Utah courts’ reliance on guardians ad litem (GALs), private guardians ad litem (PGALs), and custody evaluators, and the legal, procedural,…
Restoring Judicial Fact-Finding in Utah Child custody Cases: Adjudication Without Synthetic Substitutes
This post is the third in a four-part series examining Utah courts’ reliance on guardians ad litem (GALs), private guardians ad litem (PGALs), and custody evaluators, and the legal, procedural,…
When Help Becomes Substitution: Where Utah’s Use of Best-Interest Professionals Breaks Down Legally
This post is the second in a four-part series examining Utah courts’ reliance on guardians ad litem (GALs), private guardians ad litem (PGALs), and custody evaluators, and the legal, procedural,…
Why Utah Courts Rely on GALs, PGALs, and Custody Evaluators — The Best Case
This post is the first in a four-part series examining Utah courts’ reliance on guardians ad litem (GALs), private guardians ad litem (PGALs), and custody evaluators, beginning with the strongest…
The ‘Loyalty Conflict’ Myth: Why Courts Project Adult Anxiety Onto Children
When ‘Protecting Children’ Really Means Protecting Adults The Loyalty Conflict: A Convenient Scapegoat for Adult Discomfort The most common objection to a child testifying in a custody or parent-time dispute…
The Emperor Has No Clothes: When Do Credentials Prove Superior Skill in Interviewing Children?
Questioning the Assumed Superiority of Custody Evaluators and Guardians ad Litem A foundational assumption in modern custody practice is rarely stated outright, but it governs nearly everything that follows: that…
Why Courts Should Explain How They Hear Children in Custody Cases
Evidence, Record-Making, and the Limits of Testimonial Substitution Courts, lawyers, and commissioners in child custody and parent-time disputes often operate on an unspoken assumption: that the only acceptable way to…
Reject the Contemporary Utah Custody Evaluation or PGAL Couse of Action: Record the Interviews of the Children Involved in Utah Child Custody Disputes
In legal disputes over the physical custody and parent-time awards, minor children have the greatest stake in the outcome. Minor children who are mature and intelligent enough to articulate their knowledge…
What Is the Correct Way to Answer a Yes/No Question in Your Family Law Proceeding?
With rare exception, the correct answer to any yes/no question (also known as a polar question) in your family law proceeding is: “yes,” “no,” or “I don’t know/I don’t remember”…
Who Should You Call as a Witness in Your Divorce Trial? By Braxton Mounteer, Legal Assistant
When it comes to divorce trials, one of the most pivotal decisions you’ll make is who to call as a witness. Testimony from well-chosen witnesses can offer critical insights into…
The Pros and Cons of Having Your Spouse Investigated by a Private Investigator During a Divorce in Utah. By Braxton Mounteer, Legal Assistant
Many individuals in a divorce consider hiring a private investigator, hoping to uncover information that could affect the outcome of the case. While hiring a private investigator (PI) may seem…
Why You Can’t Replace Live Witness Testimony With Just a Written Statement
In Utah family court cases (divorce, child custody, etc.), you generally cannot wholly substitute affidavits or verified declarations for live witness testimony in contested matters. Even if the court allows…
“A Child Is More Honest in His Interview if He Knows the Interview Is Not Recorded” Makes About as Much Sense as “The Runner Goes Faster if He Knows He Is Not Timed.”
The overwhelming majority of judges and domestic relations commissioners in Utah will refuse to have the interview of children who are the subject of child custody disputes recorded by sound-and-visual…
Absolute Opposition to Recording Child Interviews in Child Custody Dispute Cases Is Groundless.
[Full disclosure: I make no secret of the fact that I have yet to encounter a custody evaluation conducted in Utah that is not pseudo-scientific, incompletely and incompetently documented, and…
Two Reforms (Of Many) That I Suggest Are Likely Not What You Think They Would Be.
In my opinion (as a divorce and family law attorney for the past 27 years), a “less is more” approach is needed at this point. What do I mean? For…
Should You Sling Mud at Your Spouse at Any Phase of Your Divorce Case? By Braxton Mounteer, Legal Assistant
If you were not fortunate enough to settle your divorce case on acceptable terms, you now or soon will likely find yourself preparing for trial. Trial will be the day(s)…
Why Your Witness May Not Be As Good As You Think By Braxton Mounteer
I recently went to trial with my boss for a divorce case. One of the things that stuck out to me was that quite often the witnesses people call in…
You Can’t Tell What The Judge Is Thinking By Braxton Mounteer, Legal Assistant
I recently accompanied my boss to the trial of a divorce case. If I had had to place a bet on what the judge was thinking at given moment or…
Doing What’s Best for Children by Refusing to Hear From Them on the Subject (And Other Nonsense).
Recently an attorney posed a question on a forum for fellow Utah family law attorneys. The question involved how to find out what the children’s experiences have been with one…
Blanket prohibitions on child testimony in custody and parent-time disputes are irrational and irresponsible
Thomas Sowell said (in a discussion of politics and governance), “There are no solutions. There are only tradeoffs, and whatever you do to deal with one of man's flaws it…
Family Law Legislation for the 2024 Utah State Legislative Session
Here is a list of the current proposed family law legislation for the 2024 Utah State Legislative session, along with a (very) brief description of the proposed legislation. If you…
Why Do Utah Courts Not Allow Child Testimony?
I had lunch today with a former legal assistant of mine who is now a law student in Arizona. Over the summer he shadowed judges in Maricopa County during their…
Pgals (Private Guardians Ad Litem) Are a Bad Idea.
Why? You’ll hear the argument that a PGAL should be appointed for a child because we don't want to traumatize children by having them testify on the record. Where is the…
How Do Witnesses Contribute to the Decision-Making Process in Child Custody Hearings and Trials?
If what we learn from witnesses didn't generally tend to be more informative and reliable than not, then we wouldn't listen to witnesses at all. No sensible person believes that…
How Could I Use Transcripts of a Victim Impact Statement to Show the Other Party Has Told Lies in Court and Cannot Be Trusted to Be Honest?
If the statement: is a sworn affidavit or in a form accepted by the court as equivalent to a sworn affidavit; and the content of the affidavit/statement is relevant to…
Are there experts who can evaluate parental alienation for a custody case?
There are “expert” witnesses for virtually any and every issue in legal actions. Can judges be bamboozled by pseudo-scientific expert witnesses? Without question. Do some judges who know that the…
Reform that reforms nothing
Commencing May 21, 2022, a new rule of the Utah Rules of Civil Procedure will be in force: Rule 100A. While I love the intention behind Rule 100A, reviewing the…
Do letters vouching for one’s character really matter?
My lawyer asked me to get letters of my character from my friends for family court to introduce as evidence, but do they really matter and is 12 enough? Do…
What are some ways to not appear judgmental as a lay witness?
What are some examples of how to not appear judgmental as a lay witness in court? Tell the !@#$% truth, not stories you hope will dupe the court into doing…
What is the percentage of people who commit/are prosecuted for perjury?
What percentage of people lie while under oath in a courtroom, and how often does someone get prosecuted for perjury? Re: What percentage of people lie under oath in a…
Examples of how to not appear judgmental as a lay witness.
What are some examples of how to not appear judgmental (or worse) as a lay witness in court? Tell the !@#$% truth, not stories you hope will dupe the court…
Does saying after an answer “I truly believe that”, “it truly is”, damage your credibility as a lay witness in court or is it better to don’t add this type of qualifiers?
First, whether you “truly believe” something or “find it hard to believe,” testifying to something you believe or don’t believe, as opposed to testifying as to something you know, is…